Unintended consequences: institutional artefacts, closure mechanisms and the performance gap
Philippa Boyd & Libby Schweber
Building Research & Information, 46(1), 10-22, DOI: 10.1080/09613218.2017.1331096
非预期的结果：制度性产物、闭合机制及性能缺口
摘要
通常，可再生技术在改善建筑物的能源消耗方面起着重要的作用。设计人员针对特定技术提出了可预测的能量值，然而当此类技术不能达到预期效果的时候，他们感到惊讶。本文中，作者运用三个建筑工程实例探讨了施工工艺对光伏建筑一体化（BIPV）技术对能源性能的影响。其中的两个实例中，光伏建筑一体化技术不能达到预期的能量产出值，而在第三个实例中，为达到特定的产出值，须对项目过程及技术参数进行大幅调整。科技社会建构分析表明，随着执行人员对建筑物特点的聚焦，在特定施工方面不再关注光伏建筑一体化技术的能源产出。对以下两个问题的回应，促进了科技社会建构理论的发展：优先使用认知闭合机制、忽视制度分析。作为闭合机制的第二种类型，引入了弯曲机制的概念。更具体地说，施工过程中的制度性产物的作用（如规划要求及进度表）被认为是造成性能缺口的原因之一。为了缩小这一“性能缺口”，从业人员需要注重分配设计责任、制定施工顺序、确定专门技术的使用范围。
关键词：闭合机制、能源性能、革新、性能缺口、可再生技术、技术的社会建构（SCOT）、社会技术、系统集成
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2017.1331096
ABSTRACT
Renewable technologies often feature in policies to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. Designers introduce predicted energy values for specific technologies, but are surprised when the technologies fail to perform as expected. Three building projects are used to explore the effect of construction processes on the energy performance of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) technology. In two cases BIPV failed to deliver expected energy generation, while in the third, dramatic changes in project processes and technical specifications were needed to achieve the specified output. A social construction of technology (SCOT) analysis documents how the energy generation of BIPV disappeared from view at certain points as actors focused on building features. A contribution is made to the theoretical development of SCOT by responding to two issues: privileging of cognitive closure mechanisms and the neglect of institutional analysis. The concept of inflection mechanisms is introduced as a second type of closure mechanism. More specifically, the role of institutional artefacts (e.g. planning requirements and schedules) in the construction process is found to contribute to the performance gap. To reduce the ‘performance gap’, practitioners need to focus on the distribution of design responsibility, sequencing of work and the location of expertise.
KEYWORDS: closure mechanisms, energy performance, innovation, performance gap, renewable technology, social construction of technology (SCOT), socio-technical, system integration
Translators: Xiao Li and Zhaoyan Teng, Shandong Jianzhu University
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